# education

**URL:** https://discourse.datamethods.org/c/edu/45.md

[Latest](https://discourse.datamethods.org/latest.md) · [Categories](https://discourse.datamethods.org/categories.md) · [Tags](https://discourse.datamethods.org/tags.md)

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## [About the education category](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/about-the-education-category/68)

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**Author:** [@f2harrell](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/f2harrell)\
**Replies:** 0

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Approaches to teaching and learning, education in specific areas, methods of collaboration and knowledge dissemination, career development

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## [RWE: use of target trial emulation framework: why aiming to emulate RCT?](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/rwe-use-of-target-trial-emulation-framework-why-aiming-to-emulate-rct/23434)

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**Author:** [@Tabaluga1](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/Tabaluga1)\
**Replies:** 5\
**Last updated:** [October 9, 2026, 5:10pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/rwe-use-of-target-trial-emulation-framework-why-aiming-to-emulate-rct/23434 "2026-10-09T17:10:10Z")

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Dear All, Hernán and Robins \[1\] introduced the target trial emulation framework in 2016 to define the question of interest in observational studies. The target trial framework asks the investigator to specify key elemen…

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## [What Should a Newly Applied Statistician Know Beyond the Standard Ciriculum](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/what-should-a-newly-applied-statistician-know-beyond-the-standard-ciriculum/28855)

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**Author:** [@DylanArmbruster](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/DylanArmbruster)\
**Replies:** 10\
**Last updated:** [October 4, 2026, 3:36pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/what-should-a-newly-applied-statistician-know-beyond-the-standard-ciriculum/28855 "2026-10-04T15:36:46Z")

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Hello, I’m interested in the tools, methods, and practical skills that people think applied statisticians should know today—particularly those that may not be emphasized in a typical university statistics curriculum. A…

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## [Helping patients to use AI wisely](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/helping-patients-to-use-ai-wisely/28876)

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**Author:** [@karlamoPA](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/karlamoPA)\
**Replies:** 2\
**Last updated:** [October 1, 2026, 11:30am UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/helping-patients-to-use-ai-wisely/28876 "2026-10-01T11:30:32Z")

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Here’s what I have so far, related to your advice: Common Mistakes We Make when Using AI Doctors report uses of AI that can create anxiety in patients that actually make our consults more difficult. When we ask valid…

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## [Rarity Roulette: A simulator for estimating hypothetical outcomes spreads for mass screenings](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/rarity-roulette-a-simulator-for-estimating-hypothetical-outcomes-spreads-for-mass-screenings/28533)

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**Author:** [@Vera\_Wilde](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/Vera_Wilde)\
**Replies:** 2\
**Last updated:** [November 20, 2025, 10:51am UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/rarity-roulette-a-simulator-for-estimating-hypothetical-outcomes-spreads-for-mass-screenings/28533 "2025-11-20T10:51:39Z")

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I think about mass screenings for low-prevalence problems, and built a small interactive simulator meant to help people visualize the implications of programs of this structure. The tool is here: https://verawilde.gith…

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## [Necessary/recommended level of theory for developing statistical intuition](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/necessary-recommended-level-of-theory-for-developing-statistical-intuition/5648)

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**Author:** [@cwatson](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/cwatson)\
**Replies:** 78\
**Last updated:** [July 1, 2025, 5:44pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/necessary-recommended-level-of-theory-for-developing-statistical-intuition/5648 "2025-07-01T17:44:31Z")

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I brought this up after Day 1’s lecture but I thought it might warrant further discussion/elaboration. (Apologies for the length!) I am of the opinion that a “strong” background/foundation in theory is important to beco…

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## [BBR Session 11: Nonparametric Tests Using the Proportional Odds Model](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/bbr-session-11-nonparametric-tests-using-the-proportional-odds-model/2915)

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**Author:** [@f2harrell](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/f2harrell)\
**Replies:** 21\
**Last updated:** [June 6, 2025, 1:43pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/bbr-session-11-nonparametric-tests-using-the-proportional-odds-model/2915 "2025-06-06T13:43:30Z")

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This is a place for questions, answers, and discussion about session 11 of the Biostatistics for Biomedical Research airing 2020-01-24 introducing the proportional odds model as a generalization of the Wilcoxon and Krusk…

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## [Decision analysis](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/decision-analysis/24641)

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**Author:** [@samw235711](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/samw235711)\
**Replies:** 8\
**Last updated:** [January 13, 2025, 12:33am UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/decision-analysis/24641 "2025-01-13T00:33:13Z")

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I have been thinking a lot about decision analysis, the probabilistic framework for medical decision making. During my time as a statistics graduate student, I studied statistical models for medical decision making. Un…

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## [Confusion flows downhill- a plea to methods teachers for unified messaging](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/confusion-flows-downhill-a-plea-to-methods-teachers-for-unified-messaging/24409)

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**Author:** [@ESMD](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/ESMD)\
**Replies:** 39\
**Last updated:** [January 10, 2025, 10:26pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/confusion-flows-downhill-a-plea-to-methods-teachers-for-unified-messaging/24409 "2025-01-10T22:26:33Z")

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Proposal: Gather the most prominent names in stats and epi in a room together and lock the door from the outside (with meals and bathroom breaks of course), until they can formulate unified messaging on certain foundatio…

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## [Glossary of Statistical Terms](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/glossary-of-statistical-terms/1220)

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**Author:** [@f2harrell](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/f2harrell)\
**Replies:** 30\
**Last updated:** [June 12, 2024, 10:15am UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/glossary-of-statistical-terms/1220 "2024-06-12T10:15:22Z")

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A glossary of statistical terms, intended primarily for non-statisticians, may be found here. The purpose of this topic is to provide a place for suggested improvements to any of the existing definitions, or to add new …

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## [Resources for Learning Likelihood and Bayesian Methods](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/resources-for-learning-likelihood-and-bayesian-methods/4280)

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**Author:** [@R\_cubed](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/R_cubed)\
**Replies:** 3\
**Last updated:** [April 19, 2024, 12:00pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/resources-for-learning-likelihood-and-bayesian-methods/4280 "2024-04-19T12:00:40Z")

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For those who are interested in the fundamental mathematics that connects Bayesian, Likelihood, and Frequentist inference, Dr. Korbinian Strimmer from Manchester University has written and published these course notes I’…

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## [BBR Session 7: Study Design, and Crossover Experiment Example](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/bbr-session-7-study-design-and-crossover-experiment-example/2780)

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**Author:** [@f2harrell](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/f2harrell)\
**Replies:** 26\
**Last updated:** [December 18, 2023, 3:10pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/bbr-session-7-study-design-and-crossover-experiment-example/2780 "2023-12-18T15:10:47Z")

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This is a place for questions, answers, and discussion about session 7 of the Biostatistics for Biomedical Research airing 2019-12-20 and dealing with study design and a two-period crossover experiment experiment. Sess…

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## ["Amazing findings in medicine are sometimes based on one patient" — Paul Hwang](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/amazing-findings-in-medicine-are-sometimes-based-on-one-patient-paul-hwang/7068)

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**Author:** [@davidcnorrismd](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/davidcnorrismd)\
**Replies:** 0\
**Last updated:** [September 18, 2023, 10:51am UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/amazing-findings-in-medicine-are-sometimes-based-on-one-patient-paul-hwang/7068 "2023-09-18T10:51:00Z")

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Ironic story of lawyer with chronic fatigue who went back to school for an MPH “to understand biostatistics on the path to understanding herself,” but who ultimately was diagnosed by what sounds like N-of-1 bench science…

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## [BBR Session 16: Transformations and Change](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/bbr-session-16-transformations-and-change/3224)

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**Author:** [@f2harrell](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/f2harrell)\
**Replies:** 19\
**Last updated:** [September 11, 2023, 4:19pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/bbr-session-16-transformations-and-change/3224 "2023-09-11T16:19:48Z")

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This is a topic for questions, answers, and discussions about session 16 of the Biostatistics for Biomedical Research course for 2020-04-24. Session topics and links are listed here . The session covers transforming var…

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## [Counfounding and effect modification “in expectation” versus “in measure”](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/counfounding-and-effect-modification-in-expectation-versus-in-measure/6972)

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**Author:** [@ESMD](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/ESMD)\
**Replies:** 3\
**Last updated:** [August 2, 2023, 7:25am UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/counfounding-and-effect-modification-in-expectation-versus-in-measure/6972 "2023-08-02T07:25:08Z")

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This long thread about odds ratios Should one derive risk difference from the odds ratio?contained a brief exchange about the idea of “random confounding.” After seeing experts debate this term online, I wondered whether…

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## [What should MDs-in-training know about medical prediction?](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/what-should-mds-in-training-know-about-medical-prediction/335)

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**Author:** [@samw235711](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/samw235711)\
**Replies:** 39\
**Last updated:** [May 26, 2023, 7:50am UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/what-should-mds-in-training-know-about-medical-prediction/335 "2023-05-26T07:50:24Z")

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Hello - thank you for your time. As part of a medical education pathway program at my univeristy, I will lecture my peers (medical students) on medical prediction. I have been studying this topic, although I am not exp…

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## [Textbook or resource on probability with solutions to exercises](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/textbook-or-resource-on-probability-with-solutions-to-exercises/6447)

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**Author:** [@aflip](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/aflip)\
**Replies:** 5\
**Last updated:** [February 21, 2023, 8:45pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/textbook-or-resource-on-probability-with-solutions-to-exercises/6447 "2023-02-21T20:45:43Z")

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Hi everyone, Ive seen a lot of textbooks and online resources mentioned on this forum, but haven’t found any that have a lot of solved examples or solutions to problems. I am a physician, trying to learn probability and…

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## [Information, Evidence, and Statistics for critical research appraisal](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/information-evidence-and-statistics-for-critical-research-appraisal/6226)

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**Author:** [@R\_cubed](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/R_cubed)\
**Replies:** 17\
**Last updated:** [November 21, 2022, 3:15pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/information-evidence-and-statistics-for-critical-research-appraisal/6226 "2022-11-21T15:15:18Z")

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In another post about understanding p-values, ESMD made an important observation: ESMD wrote: I suspect hat much of the confusion among physicians learning critical appraisal stems from the fact that our teachers are …

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## [Science Magazine: Neuroscientist finds signs of fabrication in scores of Alzheimer's articles](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/science-magazine-neuroscientist-finds-signs-of-fabrication-in-scores-of-alzheimers-articles/5836)

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**Author:** [@R\_cubed](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/R_cubed)\
**Replies:** 1\
**Last updated:** [July 25, 2022, 1:24pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/science-magazine-neuroscientist-finds-signs-of-fabrication-in-scores-of-alzheimers-articles/5836 "2022-07-25T13:24:50Z")

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I happened to be scanning the links on Hacker News and found this very interesting (and shocking) article. This opens up a Pandora’s Box of difficult questions for research synthesis and meta-analysis.

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## [Missing Intervention](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/missing-intervention/5793)

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**Author:** [@Sudhi\_Upadhyaya](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/Sudhi_Upadhyaya)\
**Replies:** 2\
**Last updated:** [July 14, 2022, 4:50pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/missing-intervention/5793 "2022-07-14T16:50:42Z")

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I am working with observational data where my goal is to evaluate the effect of intervention(a) on an outcome(y). There are some subjects who received intervention (a=1), did not receive intervention(a=0) and missing da…

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## [Evidence Based Decision Making and Meta-Analysis -- An Information Theoretic Critique](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/evidence-based-decision-making-and-meta-analysis-an-information-theoretic-critique/5033)

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**Author:** [@R\_cubed](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/R_cubed)\
**Replies:** 1\
**Last updated:** [June 10, 2022, 4:18pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/evidence-based-decision-making-and-meta-analysis-an-information-theoretic-critique/5033 "2022-06-10T16:18:24Z")

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Andrew Gelman posted an interesting review of a paper that documents the failure of international public health authorities throughout the pandemic. Blockquote It might sound silly to say that people are making major …

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## [Investigating the scope of consumer-initiated genetic testing in the US](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/investigating-the-scope-of-consumer-initiated-genetic-testing-in-the-us/5532)

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**Author:** [@37aaron](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/37aaron)\
**Replies:** 0\
**Last updated:** [April 28, 2022, 9:02pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/investigating-the-scope-of-consumer-initiated-genetic-testing-in-the-us/5532 "2022-04-28T21:02:37Z")

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Hey all, Apologies if this isn’t allowed - feel free to remove if so. I’m new to the community and wanted to share an interesting article on genetic tests and the lack of information needed to make informed choices on g…

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## [Relating S-values to other measures of statistical information](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/relating-s-values-to-other-measures-of-statistical-information/4293)

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**Author:** [@R\_cubed](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/R_cubed)\
**Replies:** 12\
**Last updated:** [April 13, 2022, 12:25am UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/relating-s-values-to-other-measures-of-statistical-information/4293 "2022-04-13T00:25:21Z")

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After reading this paper again: I wanted to share some R code I wrote to improve my intuition on how information measures relate to other common statistical quantities (ie Z-scores). # Converting among various measure…

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## [Critical Appraisal Checklist for Statistical Methods](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/critical-appraisal-checklist-for-statistical-methods/1099)

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**Author:** [@Raj](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/Raj)\
**Replies:** 21\
**Last updated:** [March 2, 2022, 3:38am UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/critical-appraisal-checklist-for-statistical-methods/1099 "2022-03-02T03:38:47Z")

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In Medical and Clinical Education, we frequently employ “Checklists” to help with critical appraisal of studies. Examples of such checklists are provided by numerous organizations includingBMJ, CASP, CEBM, JBI, and many …

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## [What would be the most truthful way to draw inferences in a multilevel cell biology dataset?](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/what-would-be-the-most-truthful-way-to-draw-inferences-in-a-multilevel-cell-biology-dataset/4979)

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**Author:** [@JoFuchs](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/JoFuchs)\
**Replies:** 23\
**Last updated:** [January 6, 2022, 12:58am UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/what-would-be-the-most-truthful-way-to-draw-inferences-in-a-multilevel-cell-biology-dataset/4979 "2022-01-06T00:58:33Z")

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Hi, I’m a PhD candidate in cell biology that (in retrospect) has never received extensive statistical training on how to best analyse the most common experimental design in my field. Most of what I am asking here is ins…

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## [Article: The p‐value statement, five years on by Robert Matthews](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/article-the-p-value-statement-five-years-on-by-robert-matthews/4320)

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**Author:** [@R\_cubed](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/R_cubed)\
**Replies:** 3\
**Last updated:** [November 16, 2021, 9:20pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/article-the-p-value-statement-five-years-on-by-robert-matthews/4320 "2021-11-16T21:20:07Z")

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Robert Matthews wrote a 5 year retrospective article published in late March on the ASA p-value statement. I understand it will be available as open access for 1 month. He is always worth reading. Matthews, R. (202…

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## [BBR Session 6: Two-sample Tests for Means](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/bbr-session-6-two-sample-tests-for-means/2768)

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**Author:** [@f2harrell](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/f2harrell)\
**Replies:** 14\
**Last updated:** [October 21, 2021, 2:19am UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/bbr-session-6-two-sample-tests-for-means/2768 "2021-10-21T02:19:11Z")

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This is a place for questions, answers, and discussion about session 6 of the Biostatistics for Biomedical Research airing 2019-12-06 and dealing with frequentist and Bayesian 2-sample t-tests and how not to present resu…

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## [Significance tests, p-values, and falsificationism](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/significance-tests-p-values-and-falsificationism/4738)

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**Author:** [@PeterM](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/PeterM)\
**Replies:** 100\
**Last updated:** [September 23, 2021, 9:06pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/significance-tests-p-values-and-falsificationism/4738 "2021-09-23T21:06:38Z")

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This thread takes its inspiration from the recent discussions in social science and statistics about significance tests, what they’re good for, whether p-values should be banned, and what all of that has to do with gener…

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## [Probability in state Ps(t) and Hazard ratio HR in Cox model](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/probability-in-state-ps-t-and-hazard-ratio-hr-in-cox-model/4682)

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**Author:** [@KAMRAN\_KHAN](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/KAMRAN_KHAN)\
**Replies:** 1\
**Last updated:** [August 21, 2021, 12:05pm UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/probability-in-state-ps-t-and-hazard-ratio-hr-in-cox-model/4682 "2021-08-21T12:05:37Z")

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I need some explanation of the results I got my multi-state Cox model. I looked at the absolute risk or the proportion of people in a state at a particular age for a time-dependent covariate which is whether the patients…

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## [Continuity of your work: Do you have a protégé?](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/continuity-of-your-work-do-you-have-a-protege/4524)

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**Author:** [@nelly](https://discourse.datamethods.org/u/nelly)\
**Replies:** 6\
**Last updated:** [June 19, 2021, 10:58am UTC](https://discourse.datamethods.org/t/continuity-of-your-work-do-you-have-a-protege/4524 "2021-06-19T10:58:28Z")

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We all have the luxury of looking at mortality data/studies - presumably, creating methods and techniques for its analyses etc. But at some point, we all deep down know that we shall have to contribute to that statistic …

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